Molecular, Imaging, and Digital Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease
and Related Disorders

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and represents a major clinical and societal challenge. Over the past decade, advances in molecular biology, genetics, neuroimmunology, bioinformatics, neuroimaging, and artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly improved our understanding of disease mechanisms and opened new opportunities for biomarker development and therapeutic intervention.

Despite these advances, important questions remain regarding the molecular drivers of neurodegeneration, the role of immune mechanisms, the identification of reliable biomarkers, and the integration of multi-omics and imaging data for improved diagnosis and disease stratification. Addressing these challenges requires close collaboration between molecular scientists, computational researchers and clinical neurologists.